A yau zamuyi magana akai, sharuddan gama gari na PCB mai sauri .

1. Matsayin Canji

   Abin da ya kamata mu fahimta da farko shi ne, a zahiri babu canji nan take daga kashewa zuwa gaba. Dole ne wutar lantarki ta canza daga ƙaramin matakin zuwa babban matakin, kuma ko da yake yana faruwa da sauri, yana wucewa ta duk ƙarfin da ke tsakanin.

   A wani lokaci a lokacin canji, yana da 1.8V, kuma a wani wuri, yana da 2.5V. Gudun da wutar lantarki ke canzawa daga ƙasa maras nauyi zuwa babban matsayi ana kiranta canjin canji.

2. Gudun gudu

   Siginonin lantarki suma suna da iyakoki na saurin gudu — saurin haske, wanda yake da sauri sosai. Yin la'akari da siginar 1GHz yana da tsawon lokacin 1ns (1 nanosecond), saurin haske yana kusan 0.3 m/ns, ko 30 cm/ns. Wannan yana nufin cewa a kan madugu mai tsayi cm 30, bugun farko na siginar 1GHz ya kai ga sauran ƙarshen madubin lokacin da bugun agogo na gaba ya haifar a wurin farawa.

   Idan aka dauka siginar 3GHz ce, a lokacin da bugun farko ya kai ga sauran karshen madubin, tushen siginar agogo ya riga ya haifar da bugun jini na uku. Idan siginar 3GHz ce da madugu na 30cm, yana nufin cewa madugun 30cm guda ɗaya ya ƙunshi ƙwanƙwasa 3, manyan jihohi 3, da ƙananan jahohi a cikin tsayinsa.

Za mu kara koyan Kalmomi na Musamman a cikin labaran gobe.