1.   Organic substrate: {49091091} }

Ciki har da resin BT, FR4, da sauransu.

2. Rukunin firam ɗin jagora:

Ƙarfe da aka yi da ƙarfe, wanda aka fi amfani da shi a cikin marufi na gargajiya, tare da kyakkyawan aiki da ƙarfin injina.

3. yumbu substrate:

Abubuwan gama gari sun haɗa da aluminum oxide da aluminum nitride, dace da guntu mai ƙarfi.

A sabon na gaba, za mu koyi cewa waɗanne hanyoyin marufi ne aka haɗa don kowane nau'in nau'ikan nau'ikan abubuwa uku.